Traditional IRA Guide 2026: Contribution Limits, Tax Deductions, Rules and How to Open One

Traditional IRA Guide 2026 showing contribution limits, tax deductions, retirement growth and IRA planning

A Traditional IRA can help you save and invest for retirement while receiving valuable tax benefits. You may be able to deduct your contributions today, allow your investments to grow without annual taxes and pay income tax when you withdraw the money in retirement.

This Traditional IRA Guide 2026 explains contribution limits, tax deductions, income phaseouts, investment choices, withdrawal rules, required minimum distributions, rollovers and the steps needed to open an account.

Quick Answer

A Traditional IRA is an individual retirement account that may allow you to deduct contributions from your taxable income. Investments inside the account can grow tax-deferred, meaning you generally do not pay annual taxes on dividends, interest or capital gains while the money remains in the IRA.

For 2026, the combined contribution limit for all your Traditional and Roth IRAs is $7,500. People age 50 or older can contribute an additional $1,100, raising their combined limit to $8,600.

Traditional IRA withdrawals are generally taxed as ordinary income. Withdrawals made before age 59½ may also face a 10% additional federal tax unless an IRS exception applies.

Key Takeaways

  • The 2026 IRA contribution limit is $7,500 for people under age 50.
  • People age 50 or older can contribute up to $8,600 in 2026.
  • The limit applies to all Traditional and Roth IRAs combined.
  • Traditional IRA contributions may be fully, partially or not tax-deductible.
  • Your deduction may be limited if you or your spouse has a workplace retirement plan.
  • There is no general income limit preventing you from contributing to a Traditional IRA.
  • Investments inside the account can grow tax-deferred.
  • Withdrawals are generally taxed as ordinary income.
  • Required minimum distributions may apply later in retirement.
  • Nondeductible contributions should be reported and tracked using IRS Form 8606.

Table of Contents

  1. What Is a Traditional IRA?
  2. How a Traditional IRA Works
  3. 2026 Contribution Limits
  4. Who Can Contribute?
  5. Tax Deduction Rules
  6. 2026 Deduction Phaseouts
  7. Nondeductible Contributions
  8. Investment Options
  9. Traditional IRA vs. Roth IRA
  10. Traditional IRA vs. 401(k)
  11. Withdrawal Rules
  12. Early Withdrawals and Exceptions
  13. Required Minimum Distributions
  14. IRA Rollovers
  15. How to Open a Traditional IRA
  16. How to Invest Your IRA
  17. Advantages and Disadvantages
  18. Common Mistakes
  19. Who Should Consider One?
  20. Frequently Asked Questions

What Is a Traditional IRA?

A Traditional IRA is a retirement account that you open as an individual. IRA technically means Individual Retirement Arrangement, although it is commonly called an Individual Retirement Account.

You can open a Traditional IRA through a brokerage firm, bank, credit union, mutual fund company or robo-adviser. Once the account is open, you contribute money and choose how it will be invested.

The account may provide two important tax advantages:

  1. Your contribution may reduce your taxable income for the year.
  2. Your investments can grow without annual taxes while they remain inside the account.

Traditional IRA contributions are not automatically deductible for everyone. The deduction depends on your income, tax filing status and whether you or your spouse participates in a workplace retirement plan.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission describes IRAs as tax-advantaged investment accounts that individuals can open to save for retirement. You can review its official Investor.gov IRA overview for additional educational information.

How Does a Traditional IRA Work?

A Traditional IRA works in four basic stages.

1. You open an account

You select a qualified financial institution, complete an application and name one or more beneficiaries. The provider may ask for your Social Security number, employment information, banking information and identification.

2. You contribute money

You can make one contribution, several deposits throughout the year or automatic monthly transfers. Your total regular IRA contributions cannot exceed the annual IRS limit or your eligible compensation, whichever is lower.

3. You invest the money

An IRA is an account, not an investment. Depositing cash does not always mean it has been invested. You normally need to choose investments such as index funds, exchange-traded funds, mutual funds, bonds or target-date funds.

Readers who are unfamiliar with stocks, funds and diversification can review our Beginner Investing Guide for 2026.

4. You withdraw the money

Traditional IRA distributions are generally included in your taxable income. The tax treatment may be different if part of your IRA balance comes from nondeductible contributions.

Traditional IRA Contribution Limits for 2026

The IRS increased the annual IRA contribution limit for the 2026 tax year.

Age2026 IRA Limit2025 IRA Limit
Under age 50$7,500$7,000
Age 50 or older$8,600$8,000

The $8,600 limit includes a $1,100 catch-up contribution for eligible people age 50 or older.

You can verify the latest figures through the official IRS IRA contribution limits page.

The limit applies to all IRAs combined

The annual limit is not a separate limit for each IRA. It covers the combined regular contributions you make to all your Traditional and Roth IRAs.

For example, a 40-year-old who contributes $5,000 to a Traditional IRA in 2026 could generally contribute no more than $2,500 to a Roth IRA for that year. The combined contribution would equal the $7,500 limit.

To understand the rules for after-tax retirement accounts, read our complete Roth IRA Guide 2026.

Your compensation may create a lower limit

You generally cannot contribute more than your taxable compensation for the year.

Suppose you earn $4,500 from eligible work during 2026. Even though the standard limit is $7,500, your regular IRA contribution would generally be limited to $4,500.

Rollovers do not normally use the annual limit

A properly completed rollover or direct transfer from another eligible retirement account generally does not count against the regular annual IRA contribution limit.

Who Can Contribute to a Traditional IRA?

You can generally contribute when you have eligible compensation. Compensation may include:

  • Wages
  • Salaries
  • Tips
  • Commissions
  • Bonuses
  • Net earnings from self-employment
  • Certain taxable non-tuition fellowship or stipend payments
  • Certain taxable alimony received under older divorce agreements

Income from interest, dividends, pensions, rental property or investment gains generally does not count as compensation for regular IRA contribution purposes.

There is no maximum contribution age

Federal rules no longer impose a maximum age for making regular Traditional IRA contributions. A person who continues to have eligible compensation later in life may continue contributing.

Spousal IRA contributions

A married couple filing a joint tax return may be able to fund an IRA for a spouse who has little or no eligible compensation.

The couple must have enough combined compensation to support the contributions, and each spouse must have a separate IRA. IRAs cannot be jointly owned.

For example, if one spouse works and the other does not, the working spouse’s compensation may allow both spouses to contribute, subject to annual limits and other IRS rules.

Are Traditional IRA Contributions Tax-Deductible?

A Traditional IRA contribution can be:

  • Fully deductible
  • Partially deductible
  • Nondeductible

The answer depends mainly on whether you or your spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work and your modified adjusted gross income, commonly called MAGI.

Neither spouse has a workplace retirement plan

If neither you nor your spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work, an eligible Traditional IRA contribution is generally fully deductible, regardless of income.

You have a workplace retirement plan

If you are covered by a 401(k), pension or another qualified workplace retirement plan, your deduction may be reduced or eliminated as your income rises.

Having a workplace plan does not automatically prevent you from contributing to a Traditional IRA. It may only affect whether your contribution is deductible.

For more information about employer-sponsored accounts, see our Complete 401(k) Guide 2026.

Your spouse has a workplace plan

If you are not covered by a workplace retirement plan but your spouse is covered, a separate and higher income phaseout range may apply when you file jointly.

The IRS provides an overview of these rules on its Traditional IRA deduction limits page.

Traditional IRA Deduction Phaseouts for 2026

When the contributor is covered by a workplace plan

Tax Filing Status2026 MAGI Phaseout Range
Single or head of household$81,000–$91,000
Married filing jointly, contributor covered at work$129,000–$149,000
Married filing separately, contributor covered at work$0–$10,000

Income below the applicable phaseout range may allow a full deduction. Income within the range may produce a partial deduction. Income at or above the top of the range generally eliminates the deduction.

When only the contributor’s spouse is covered

When the person contributing is not covered by a workplace plan but is married to someone who is covered, the 2026 phaseout range for a joint return is $242,000 to $252,000.

Important: MAGI is not always the same as the adjusted gross income shown on your tax return. Calculating a partial deduction can be complicated, especially when you have several adjustments, retirement accounts or self-employment income.

What Is a Nondeductible Traditional IRA Contribution?

A nondeductible contribution is money placed into a Traditional IRA without claiming an income-tax deduction for that contribution.

The contribution has already been taxed, but its future investment earnings can grow tax-deferred.

Nondeductible contributions can be useful for someone who:

  • Earns too much to deduct a Traditional IRA contribution
  • Earns too much to contribute directly to a Roth IRA
  • Wants additional tax-deferred investment space
  • Plans to consider a Roth conversion

Why Form 8606 matters

You generally need to report nondeductible Traditional IRA contributions using IRS Form 8606.

The form helps establish your after-tax basis. Without accurate records, you could have difficulty proving that part of a future distribution should not be taxed again.

You cannot withdraw only the after-tax dollars

When you have both pre-tax and after-tax money across your Traditional, SEP and SIMPLE IRAs, distributions and conversions are generally calculated proportionately.

This is commonly known as the pro-rata rule. It can make Roth conversions more complicated, particularly for people who already have large pre-tax IRA balances.

What Can You Invest in Through a Traditional IRA?

Your choices depend on the financial institution holding your IRA. Common options include:

  • Individual stocks
  • Government and corporate bonds
  • Exchange-traded funds
  • Index funds
  • Actively managed mutual funds
  • Target-date retirement funds
  • Certificates of deposit
  • Money-market funds
  • Treasury securities

Index funds and ETFs

Broad index funds and ETFs can provide exposure to many companies through one investment. They are often used by long-term investors seeking diversification and relatively low expenses.

Target-date funds

A target-date fund holds a mixture of investments and gradually becomes more conservative as its target retirement year approaches.

These funds can be convenient for beginners, but investors should still review their fees, risk level and asset allocation.

Individual stocks

Individual stocks can offer growth potential, but they also create concentration risk. Holding too much of one company may expose your retirement savings to a sharp decline if that business performs poorly.

Cash is not the same as investing

A common mistake is funding an IRA and leaving all the money in a settlement or cash account. Although the account has been opened, the cash may generate little growth unless it is invested.

Traditional IRA vs. Roth IRA

The main difference is when you receive the tax benefit.

FeatureTraditional IRARoth IRA
Contribution tax treatmentMay be deductibleNot deductible
Investment growthTax-deferredPotentially tax-free
Qualified retirement withdrawalsGenerally taxableGenerally tax-free
Income limit to contributeNo general contribution income limitIncome limits apply
Income limit for deductionMay applyNot applicable
Lifetime RMDs for original ownerGenerally yesGenerally no
Early access to contributionsTaxes and possible penalty may applyOriginal contributions are generally more accessible

A Traditional IRA may fit when:

  • You qualify for a meaningful tax deduction today.
  • You expect your tax rate to be lower during retirement.
  • You want to reduce current taxable income.
  • You cannot contribute directly to a Roth IRA because of income limits.

A Roth IRA may fit when:

  • You expect your tax rate to be higher later.
  • You value qualified tax-free retirement withdrawals.
  • You do not need an immediate tax deduction.
  • You want to avoid lifetime RMDs as the original account owner.

Neither account is automatically better for everyone. Your choice depends on your current income, expected future tax rate, retirement timeline and financial goals.

Traditional IRA vs. 401(k)

A Traditional IRA is opened by an individual, while a 401(k) is normally offered through an employer.

FeatureTraditional IRA401(k)
Who opens it?IndividualEmployer
Employer matchNoMay be available
2026 employee contribution limit$7,500, or $8,600 at 50+$24,500 before applicable catch-up amounts
Investment choicesUsually broadLimited to plan menu
Automatic payroll depositsNot normallyYes
Contribution deductionDepends on income and workplace coverageTraditional contributions generally reduce taxable wages

Many investors use both accounts. A common order is:

  1. Build a basic emergency fund.
  2. Contribute enough to a 401(k) to receive the full employer match.
  3. Consider funding an IRA for additional investment choices.
  4. Increase workplace retirement contributions as the budget allows.

This is a general framework, not a rule. High-interest debt, income stability, taxes and family responsibilities can change the best order for an individual.

Traditional IRA Withdrawal Rules

You can request a distribution from a Traditional IRA at any time, but taxes and an additional penalty may apply.

Withdrawals after age 59½

After reaching age 59½, you can generally withdraw money without the 10% early-distribution tax. However, the taxable portion is usually included in your ordinary income.

How distributions are taxed

If every contribution was deductible and the account contains only pre-tax money, the full distribution is generally taxable.

If the IRA contains nondeductible contributions, part of the distribution may be treated as a return of after-tax basis. Form 8606 is generally used to calculate and report the taxable and nontaxable portions.

IRA withdrawals are not usually capital gains

Investment gains inside a taxable brokerage account may receive capital-gains treatment. Traditional IRA distributions are generally taxed as ordinary income instead, regardless of whether the account earned money through dividends, interest or investment appreciation.

Traditional IRA Early Withdrawals and Exceptions

A taxable distribution made before age 59½ may face a 10% additional federal tax. Ordinary income tax may still apply even when an exception removes the additional 10% tax.

Possible exceptions can include qualifying situations involving:

  • Certain unreimbursed medical expenses
  • Health insurance premiums during qualifying unemployment
  • Total and permanent disability
  • Distributions following the account owner’s death
  • Qualified higher-education expenses
  • Up to $10,000 for an eligible first-home purchase
  • Substantially equal periodic payments
  • Qualified birth or adoption distributions
  • Certain IRS levies
  • Qualified reservist distributions
  • Certain emergency personal expenses under applicable rules
  • Eligible disaster-related distributions when authorized

The exceptions have detailed requirements. Review the IRS guidance on taxes on early retirement distributions before taking money out.

Warning: An exception to the 10% additional tax does not necessarily make the withdrawal income-tax-free. It may only remove the additional penalty.

The hidden cost of withdrawing early

Taxes and penalties are not the only costs. Money removed from an IRA also loses future compounding opportunities.

For example, $10,000 left invested for 25 years at a hypothetical 7% annual return would grow to more than $54,000. Actual investment returns are never guaranteed, but the example shows why early withdrawals can have a large long-term effect.

Required Minimum Distributions From a Traditional IRA

Traditional IRA owners generally must begin taking required minimum distributions, commonly called RMDs, after reaching the applicable starting age.

Under current federal law:

  • People born from 1951 through 1959 generally have an RMD starting age of 73.
  • People born in 1960 or later generally have an RMD starting age of 75.

Rules can differ for inherited accounts, and future legislation may change the requirements.

The amount is generally calculated using the prior year-end account balance and an IRS life-expectancy factor. The IRS provides a required minimum distribution FAQ with official guidance.

Can you withdraw more than the required amount?

Yes. An RMD is a minimum, not a maximum. You can withdraw more, but the additional taxable distribution may increase your income-tax bill.

Can you reinvest an RMD?

You generally cannot roll an RMD into another retirement account. After paying any applicable tax, you may be able to invest unused money in a taxable brokerage account or use it for other financial goals.

Traditional IRA Rollovers

A rollover moves retirement money from one eligible account to another. For example, you may move money from an old 401(k) into a Traditional IRA.

Direct rollover

In a direct rollover, the money moves directly from the workplace plan to the IRA custodian. This approach normally reduces the risk of withholding problems and missed deadlines.

Indirect or 60-day rollover

In an indirect rollover, the money is paid to you first. You generally have 60 days to redeposit the eligible amount into another retirement account.

Mandatory withholding may apply when a workplace plan pays eligible rollover money directly to you. You may need to replace the withheld amount using other funds to complete a full rollover.

Trustee-to-trustee transfer

A trustee-to-trustee transfer moves money directly from one IRA provider to another. It is generally not treated as a distribution paid to you.

Why investors roll a 401(k) into an IRA

Possible reasons include:

  • A wider selection of investments
  • Combining old retirement accounts
  • Potentially lower account or fund expenses
  • More control over beneficiaries and withdrawals
  • Simpler retirement account management

Reasons not to rush into a rollover

An IRA is not automatically better than a 401(k). Workplace plans may offer institutional funds, stronger creditor protections, stable-value options or special withdrawal rules.

Compare fees, investment choices, services, creditor protection and tax consequences before moving retirement assets.

How to Open a Traditional IRA in Seven Steps

Step 1: Review your eligibility

Confirm that you or your spouse has enough eligible compensation to support the contribution.

Step 2: Estimate whether the contribution will be deductible

Check your income, filing status and workplace retirement-plan coverage. A tax professional or tax-preparation program can help calculate a partial deduction.

Step 3: Choose an IRA provider

You can open an IRA with a brokerage firm, bank, credit union, mutual fund company or robo-adviser.

Step 4: Compare costs and services

Review:

  • Account maintenance fees
  • Fund expense ratios
  • Trading charges
  • Advisory or management fees
  • Minimum opening deposits
  • Automatic contribution tools
  • Investment choices
  • Customer support

Step 5: Complete the application

You will generally provide personal, tax and banking information. You should also name primary and contingent beneficiaries.

Step 6: Fund the account

You can use a bank transfer, rollover, check or another method supported by the provider. Clearly identify the tax year for which a regular contribution is being made.

Step 7: Select investments

Do not assume that depositing cash automatically invests it. Review the available funds and choose an allocation that matches your goals, time horizon and tolerance for market declines.

How Should You Invest a Traditional IRA?

There is no single correct investment portfolio for every IRA owner. Your strategy should reflect your age, financial goals, other accounts and ability to handle losses.

Long time until retirement

Someone with several decades before retirement may choose a larger allocation to diversified stock funds. Stocks can experience sharp short-term declines, but they may offer stronger long-term growth potential.

Approaching retirement

An investor nearing retirement may gradually increase bonds, cash-like assets or other lower-volatility holdings. This can reduce the risk of needing to sell stocks during a major market decline.

Diversification

Diversification means spreading money across different investments, sectors and asset classes. It cannot prevent all losses, but it can reduce the damage caused by one poorly performing investment.

Fees

Even small annual fees can reduce long-term returns. Compare fund expense ratios and account-level charges before investing.

Rebalancing

Market changes can push your portfolio away from its intended allocation. Reviewing and rebalancing the account periodically can help keep your investments aligned with your plan.

Automating contributions

Automatic monthly contributions can help build a consistent saving habit. It also spreads purchases across different market conditions instead of depending on one contribution date.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Traditional IRA

AdvantagesDisadvantages
Contributions may be tax-deductibleThe deduction may be limited by income
Tax-deferred investment growthWithdrawals are generally taxable
Broad range of investment choicesEarly withdrawals may face an additional tax
Available without an employerAnnual contribution limit is lower than a 401(k)
No general income limit for contributionsRequired minimum distributions may apply
Can accept eligible workplace-plan rolloversNondeductible contributions create recordkeeping duties

Major advantages

The immediate deduction can be valuable for eligible workers in higher tax brackets. Tax-deferred growth also allows investments to compound without annual tax bills inside the account.

A Traditional IRA may also offer a much wider selection of investments than a workplace retirement plan.

Major disadvantages

The future tax bill is uncertain because tax rates and retirement income can change. RMDs may also force taxable withdrawals even when the account owner does not need the money.

Common Traditional IRA Mistakes to Avoid

1. Contributing too much

An excess contribution can create a recurring tax problem if it is not corrected properly.

2. Treating the IRA and Roth IRA limits separately

The $7,500 or $8,600 limit for 2026 applies to your Traditional and Roth IRAs combined.

3. Assuming every contribution is deductible

Your eligibility to contribute and your eligibility for a tax deduction are separate questions.

4. Forgetting Form 8606

Failing to track nondeductible contributions can lead to inaccurate tax reporting and possible double taxation.

5. Leaving the account uninvested

Cash sitting inside an IRA may not produce enough long-term growth to meet retirement goals.

6. Taking unnecessary early withdrawals

Early distributions can create taxes, penalties and lost compound growth.

7. Ignoring fees

High fund expenses or advisory fees can reduce the amount available for retirement.

8. Missing the contribution deadline

Regular IRA contributions for a tax year are generally due by the federal tax-return filing deadline for that year, not including extensions. Confirm the current deadline with the IRS.

9. Forgetting beneficiaries

Review beneficiary designations after marriage, divorce, births, deaths and other major life changes.

10. Making an indirect rollover without understanding withholding

A rollover check paid to you can create deadlines and withholding issues. A direct rollover may be simpler.

Who Should Consider a Traditional IRA?

A Traditional IRA may be useful for:

  • Workers who do not have a retirement plan at work
  • People who qualify for a full or partial contribution deduction
  • Self-employed workers seeking another retirement-saving option
  • Investors who want more choices than their workplace plan provides
  • People rolling over money from an old employer plan
  • High earners making nondeductible contributions as part of a carefully planned Roth conversion strategy

Who may prefer another option?

A Roth IRA may be more attractive to an eligible saver who expects a higher future tax rate or values qualified tax-free withdrawals.

A worker with an employer match may want to prioritize enough 401(k) contributions to capture the full match before funding an IRA.

Someone without an emergency fund may need to build accessible savings before locking additional money into a retirement account. Our Emergency Fund Guide 2026 explains how much to save and where to keep it.

Traditional IRA Action Plan

  1. Confirm that you have eligible compensation.
  2. Check the 2026 contribution limit for your age.
  3. Determine whether you or your spouse has workplace retirement coverage.
  4. Estimate whether your contribution will be deductible.
  5. Compare Traditional and Roth IRA tax treatment.
  6. Choose a low-cost, reputable account provider.
  7. Name and regularly review beneficiaries.
  8. Set up automatic contributions if appropriate.
  9. Select diversified investments that match your timeline.
  10. Keep contribution and tax records, including Form 8606 when required.
  11. Review the account at least once a year.

Frequently Asked Questions About Traditional IRAs

What is a Traditional IRA in simple terms?

A Traditional IRA is a personal retirement account that may provide a tax deduction for contributions. Investments grow tax-deferred, and withdrawals are generally taxed as income.

What is the Traditional IRA contribution limit for 2026?

The combined 2026 contribution limit for all Traditional and Roth IRAs is $7,500. People age 50 or older can contribute up to $8,600, assuming they have enough eligible compensation.

Can anyone contribute to a Traditional IRA?

A person with eligible compensation can generally contribute. A married couple filing jointly may also qualify for a spousal IRA contribution.

Is there an income limit for contributing?

There is no general income limit preventing regular Traditional IRA contributions. However, income can limit whether the contribution is deductible.

Can I contribute to a Traditional IRA and a 401(k)?

Yes. You can generally contribute to both. Participation in a workplace plan may affect your IRA deduction but does not automatically prevent an IRA contribution.

Can I contribute to a Traditional IRA and a Roth IRA?

Yes, but the combined contributions cannot exceed the annual IRA limit. Roth IRA income limits also apply.

Are Traditional IRA contributions always tax-deductible?

No. Your deduction depends on income, filing status and workplace retirement-plan coverage.

When do I pay taxes on a Traditional IRA?

You generally pay ordinary income tax when you withdraw pre-tax contributions and earnings.

Can I lose money in a Traditional IRA?

Yes. An IRA is an account that holds investments. Its value can fall when the investments inside it decline.

Can I withdraw money before age 59½?

Yes, but the taxable amount may be subject to ordinary income tax and a 10% additional federal tax unless an exception applies.

Does a Traditional IRA have required minimum distributions?

Yes, for most original account owners. The starting age generally depends on the owner’s birth year under current law.

Can I roll an old 401(k) into a Traditional IRA?

Generally, yes. A direct rollover can move eligible pre-tax retirement money into a Traditional IRA while preserving its tax-deferred status.

What happens if I contribute more than the limit?

An excess contribution can trigger an additional tax if it is not corrected. Contact the custodian and a qualified tax professional promptly.

What is the difference between a deductible and nondeductible IRA contribution?

A deductible contribution may reduce taxable income. A nondeductible contribution does not provide an immediate deduction but creates after-tax basis that must be tracked.

Is a Traditional IRA better than a Roth IRA?

Neither is always better. A Traditional IRA may help reduce taxes today, while a Roth IRA may provide qualified tax-free withdrawals later.

Official Traditional IRA Resources

Continue Learning

Final Thoughts

A Traditional IRA can be a valuable part of a long-term retirement plan. It may lower your taxable income today, provide tax-deferred investment growth and give you access to a wide selection of investments.

However, the tax deduction is not available to everyone. Workplace retirement-plan coverage, income and filing status can change the result. Nondeductible contributions also require careful tax recordkeeping.

The most important step is to understand the rules before contributing. Check the current IRS limits, compare the Traditional IRA with a Roth IRA and 401(k), choose suitable investments and keep accurate records.

Starting with a manageable contribution and increasing it over time can help you build retirement savings without placing too much pressure on your current budget.

Educational Disclaimer

This article is provided for general educational and informational purposes only. It is not personalized financial, investment, tax, accounting or legal advice. Tax rules can change, and their effect depends on individual circumstances. Consider consulting a qualified tax professional or financial adviser before making retirement-account decisions.

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